Digitaria
Poaceae
EOL Text
LSU Interactive Identification Keys - North America, Central America, Europe
Ontario Grasses - Ontario, Canada
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Growing in plateau cool weather.
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Rights holder/Author | Wen, Jun, Wen, Jun, Plants of Tibet |
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Elaborate stigmas capture pollen grains: grasses
The stigmas of grasses capture flying pollen due to their elaborate shape.
"[The flowers] of grasses consist of no more than tiny clusters of dry brown or greenish scales from which the stamens protrude when the right moment comes. Their stigmas, which have to intercept flying pollen grains are particularly elaborate, often shaped like combs." (Attenborough 1995:96-98)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Attenborough, D. 1995. The Private Life of Plants: A Natural History of Plant Behavior. London: BBC Books. 320 p.
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Hordeum is a genus of annual and perennial plants in the grass family. They are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas.[5][6][7][8][9]
One species, H. vulgare (barley), is of major commercial importance as a cereal grain, used as fodder crop and for malting in beer and whiskey production. Some species are nuisance weeds introduced worldwide by human activities others endangered due to habitat loss.
Hordeum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Flame, Rustic Shoulder-knot and Setaceous Hebrew Character.
The name comes from the Latin for bristle, and is akin to horror.
- Hordeum aegiceras - Mongolia, China incl Tibet
- Hordeum arizonicum USA (CA AZ NV NM), Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Durango)
- Hordeum bogdanii - from Turkey and European Russia to Mongolia
- Hordeum brachyantherum - Russia (Kuril, Kamchatka), Alaska, Canada including Yukon, USA (mostly in the West but also scattered locales in the East), Baja California
- Hordeum brachyatherum - Chile
- Hordeum brevisubulatum - European Russia; temperate + subarctic Asia from Turkey + the Urals to China + Magadan
- Hordeum bulbosum - Mediterranean, Central Asia;
- Hordeum californicum - USA (CA OR NV)
- Hordeum capense - South Africa, Lesotho
- Hordeum chilense - Argentina, Chile including Juan Fernández Is
- Hordeum comosum - Argentina, Chile
- Hordeum cordobense - northern Argentina
- Hordeum depressum - USA (CA OR WA ID NV), British Columbia, Baja California
- Hordeum distichon - Iraq
- Hordeum erectifolium - northern Argentina
- Hordeum euclaston - Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina
- Hordeum flexuosum - Uruguay, Argentina
- Hordeum fuegianum - Tierra del Fuego
- Hordeum guatemalense - Guatemala
- Hordeum halophilum - Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru
- Hordeum jubatum (foxtail barley) - widespread in USA + Canada; Asiatic Russia, Inner Mongolia, Central Asia, Caucasus
- Hordeum × lagunculciforme - Iraq, Turkmenistan, Himalayas, western China
- Hordeum lechleri - Argentina, Chile
- Hordeum marinum (sea barley) - Europe, North Africa, southwestern + central Asia
- Hordeum murinum (wall barley) - Canary Islands, Europe, North Africa, southwestern + central Asia
- Hordeum muticum - Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru
- Hordeum parodii - Argentina
- Hordeum patagonicum - Argentina, Chile
- Hordeum × pavisii - France
- Hordeum procerum - Argentina
- Hordeum pubiflorum - Argentina, Chile
- Hordeum pusillum (little barley) - widespread in Canada + USA; northern Mexico, Bermuda. Argentina
- Hordeum roshevitzii - China, Korea, Primorye, Mongolia, Siberia, Kazakhstan
- Hordeum secalinum - Europe, Mediterranean, Caucasus
- Hordeum spontaneum - from Greece + Egypt to central China
- Hordeum stenostachys - Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa
- Hordeum tetraploidum - Argentina, Chile
- Hordeum vulgare (barley) - native to Middle East, now cultivated in many countries
- formerly included[4]
many species now regarded as better suited to other genera: Arrhenatherum Crithopsis Dasypyrum Elymus Eremopyrum Hordelymus Leymus Psathyrostachys Taeniatherum
References[edit]
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 84-85
- ^ lectotype designated by Bowden, Canadian Journal of Botany 37: 679 (1959)
- ^ Tropicos, Hordeum L.
- ^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 395 大麦属 da mai shu Hordeum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 84. 1753.
- ^ Flora of Pakistan
- ^ Altervista Flora Italiana genere Hordeum includes photos + distribution maps of several species
- ^ Cabi, E. & M. Doğan. 2012. Poaceae. 690–756. In A. Güner, S. Aslan, T. Ekim, M. Vural & M. T. Babaç (eds.) Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi. Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, Istanbul
- ^ Pohl, R. W. & G. Davidse. 1994. 60. Hordeum L. 6: 247. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez & A.O. Chater (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F..
- ^ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
- ^ The Plant List search for Hordeum
- ^ Atlas of Living Australia
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hordeum. |
Wikispecies has information related to: Hordeum |
- R. von Bothmer, N. Jacobsen, C. Baden, R. B. Jørgensen & I. Linde-Laursen (1995). An ecogeographical study of the genus Hordeum, 2nd ed.. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. ISBN 92-9043-229-2.
- F. R. Blattner (2004). "Phylogenetic analysis of Hordeum (Poaceae) as inferred by nuclear rDNA ITS sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33 (2): 289–299. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.012. PMID 15336664.
- F. R. Blattner (2006). "Multiple intercontinental dispersals shaped the distribution area of Hordeum (Poaceae)". New Phytologist 169 (3): 603–614. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01610.x. PMID 16411962.
- F. R. Blattner (2009). "Progress in phylogenetic analysis and a new infrageneric classification of the barley genus Hordeum (Poaceae: Triticeae)". Breeding Science 69 (5): 471–480. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.59.471.
- S. S. Jakob, A. Ihlow & F. R. Blattner (2007). "Combined ecological niche modelling and molecular phylogeography revealed the evolutionary history of Hordeum marinum (Poaceae) — niche differentiation, loss of genetic diversity, and speciation in Mediterranean Quaternary refugia". Molecular Ecology 16 (8): 1713–1727. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03228.x. PMID 17402985.
- S. S. Jakob, E. Martinez-Meyer & F. R. Blattner (2009). "Phylogeographic analyses and paleodistribution modeling indicates Pleistocene in situ survival of Hordeum species (Poaceae) in southern Patagonia without genetic or spatial restriction". Molecular Biology and Evolution 26 (4): 907–923. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp012. PMID 19168565.
- T. Pleines & F. R. Blattner (2008). "Phylogeographic implications of an AFLP phylogeny of the American diploid Hordeum species (Poaceae: Triticeae)". Taxon 57 (3): 875–881.
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Commonly cultivated as a food and fodder plant. Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [cultivated worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in montane areas of tropics].
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Leaves resist crosswise tearing: grasses
The leaves of grasses resist crosswise tearing due to their composite character.
"Equally impressive is the composite character and consequent resistance to crack propagation of the leaves of grasses, also investigated by Vincent (1982). If a grass leaf is slit or notched it does tear more easily, but only (and fairly precisely) in proportion to its reduced cross section--there's just no sign of any significant stress concentration. Do your worst to a grass leaf--it just doesn't go along with attempts to tear it crosswise." (Vogel 2003:340)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Steven Vogel. 2003. Comparative Biomechanics: Life's Physical World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 580 p.
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Rights holder/Author | (c) 2008-2009 The Biomimicry Institute |
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